delivered on 16 February 2023 (1)

Case C‑488/21

Chief Appeals Officer,

Social Welfare Appeals Office,

Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection,

Ireland,

Attorney General

(Request for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Appeal (Ireland))

(Reference for a preliminary ruling – Free movement of persons – Dependent family member of an EU worker – Rights of residence within the territory of the Member States and to special non-contributory cash benefits – Circle of beneficiaries – Right of residence of the direct ascendant subject to the requirement of continuity of dependent status – Unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the Member State concerned – Equal treatment of family members of the mobile EU worker)

I.Introduction

1.Under EU law, some family members, including dependent parents, may join a mobile EU worker in the Member State in which he or she lives and works. If that parent claims social benefits in the host Member State, does he or she lose a right of residence based on EU law? Can Member States treat such a parent as an unreasonable burden on their social assistance systems? In addition, what does it mean, in the first place, that a parent is dependent on a mobile EU worker?

2.These are, in essence, the main issues raised by the request for a preliminary ruling referred to the Court by the Court of Appeal (Ireland).

3.Although the Court has had several occasions to clarify which rights dependent relatives enjoy under EU law and under what circumstances those rights arise, most of those cases concerned dependent direct descendants (2) or spouses. (3) The present case, therefore, provides an opportunity for the Court to expand on the interpretation of the rights of dependent direct ascendants of the mobile EU worker.

II.The dispute in the main proceedings, the questions referred for a preliminary ruling and the procedure before the Court

4.GV is a national of Romania and the mother of AC, a Romanian citizen who resides and works in Ireland. AC is also a naturalised Irish citizen. GV joined her daughter in Ireland in 2017 and has resided there ever since. It is undisputed that she is lawfully resident in Ireland as the dependent parent of an EU mobile worker.

5.GV has resided in Ireland on different occasions, including between 2009 and 2011, after which she returned to Romania. In the period 2011 through 2016, she moved between Ireland, Romania and Spain, where her other daughter lives. She has been separated from her husband for the past 15 years and during that period has been financially dependent on AC, who periodically sent her money.

6.During 2017, GV suffered degenerative changes in her arthritis. On 28 September 2017, GV made an application for Disability Allowance under the Social Welfare Consolidation Act 2005, as amended.

7.The referring court explains that Disability Allowance, which GV claims, aims to protect against poverty. It constitutes a social assistance benefit paid from the general budget, without the person concerned having to make any social insurance contributions. In other words, the benefit is financed by general taxation. Disability Allowance is qualified as a ‘special non-contributory cash benefit’ within the meaning of Regulation No 883/2004. (4) It can therefore be claimed only in the Member State of residence, (5) which means that GV could not claim such a benefit from the state of her nationality, given that she is resident in Ireland.

8.It appears from the order for reference that, to qualify for Disability Allowance in Ireland, the person concerned must satisfy certain requirements relating to age, disability and resources. In particular, the allowance can be granted only to persons who have not reached general retirement age. (6) The other eligibility criteria include medical criteria and a means test. The latter test includes any income that a person receives from a family member.

9.Even more specifically, Irish law precludes the payment of Disability Allowance to a person who is not habitually resident in Ireland. (7) A condition for habitual residence is that a person enjoys a right of residence in that Member State.

10.By decision of 27 February 2018, GV’s application was refused. The appeal against that decision was disallowed on 12 February 2019. On both occasions, the stated reason for the rejection was that GV did not have a right of residence in Ireland.

11.Following an application made on behalf of GV by a non-governmental organisation, the rejection decision of 12 February 2019 was reviewed.

12.By decision of 2 July 2019, the Appeals Officer concluded that GV, as a dependent direct ascendant of a Union citizen employed in Ireland, had a right of residence but was not entitled to social assistance.

13.An application for review of that decision was made to the Chief Appeals Officer (Ireland) (the first respondent before the referring court), who confirmed, by decision of 23 July 2019, that GV was not entitled to Disability Allowance. This was justified by the argument that under the Irish law that transposed the Citizenship Directive, (8) GV must not become an unreasonable burden on the national social assistance system.

14.The relevant Irish law is, as explained by the referring court, the European Communities (Free Movement of Persons) Regulations 2015 (S.I. No. 548 of 2015) (‘the 2015 Regulations’). Regulation 11(1) of the 2015 Regulations provides for the retention of a right of residence in Ireland in the following way: ‘A person residing in the State under Regulation 6, (9) 9 or 10 shall be entitled to continue to reside in the State for as long as he or she satisfies the relevant provision of the regulation concerned and does not become an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the State.’

15.GV sought judicial review of the decision of 23 July 2019 before the High Court (Ireland). By judgment of 29 May 2020, that court annulled the contested decision. It considered that the Irish law, in so far as it makes the right of residence of a family member of a Union citizen subject to the condition that that family member must not become an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the State, was incompatible with the Citizenship Directive. Thus, according to the same court, where it is established, at the time when the family member joins the EU worker, that the family member is dependent on that worker, there is no requirement for that family member to remain dependent on the EU worker in order to continue to enjoy a right of residence in the host Member State.

16.The Chief Appeals Officer and the Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection (Ireland) appealed against that judgment to the Court of Appeal, the referring court in the present case.

17.On the one hand, according to the Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection, the definition of ‘family member’ in Article 2(2)(d) of the Citizenship Directive includes the requirement that the family member concerned remain dependent on the EU citizen for as long as the derived right of residence is invoked. Thus, when the dependency relationship ceases, that family member can no longer enjoy such a right of residence. If GV were granted Disability Allowance, her dependency on her daughter would cease, with the result that GV could no longer enjoy a derived right of residence in accordance with that directive.

18.On the other hand, GV contends, in substance, that Regulation 11(1) of the 2015 Regulations, by imposing the ‘unreasonable burden’ condition on the family members of a Union citizen, whereas such a condition is not contained in Article 7 of the Citizenship Directive, is an invalid provision. According to GV, the case-law of the Court of Justice on the concept of ‘dependency’ confirms her position. Furthermore, she claims that the argument put forward by the Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection is contrary to her right to equal treatment under Article 24(1) of the Citizenship Directive.

19.Having doubts as to whether Irish law is compatible with the Citizenship Directive, the Court of Appeal decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:

(1)‘(1) Is the derived right of residence of a direct relative in the ascending line of a Union citizen worker pursuant to Article 7(2) of [the Citizenship Directive] conditional on the continued dependence of that relative on the worker?

(2)Does [the Citizenship Directive] preclude a host Member State from limiting access to a social assistance payment benefit by a family member of a Union citizen worker who enjoys a derived right of residence on the basis of her dependence on that worker, where access to such payment would mean she is no longer dependent on the worker?

(3)Does [the Citizenship Directive] preclude a host Member State from limiting access to a social assistance payment benefit by a family member of a Union citizen worker who enjoys a derived right of residence on the basis of her dependence on that worker, on the grounds that payment of the benefit will result in the family member concerned becoming an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the State?’

20.Written observations were submitted to the Court by GV; the Chief Appeals Officer, the Social Welfare Appeals Office (Ireland), the Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection, the Attorney General (‘the defendants’); the Czech, Danish and German Governments; Ireland, as well as the European Commission. A hearing was held on 18 October 2022 at which GV, the defendants, the Czech, Danish and German Governments; Ireland as well as the Commission presented oral arguments.

III.Relevant European Union law

A.The Citizenship Directive

21.Article 2(2) of the Citizenship Directive provides that, for the purposes of that directive: ‘“Family member” means:

(a)the spouse;

(b)the partner with whom the Union citizen has contracted a registered partnership, on the basis of the legislation of a Member State, if the legislation of the host Member State treats registered partnerships as equivalent to marriage and in accordance with the conditions laid down in the relevant legislation of the host Member State;

(c)the direct descendants who are under the age of 21 or are dependants and those of the spouse or partner as defined in point (b);

(d)the dependent direct relatives in the ascending line and those of the spouse or partner as defined in point (b)’

22.Article 7(1) of the Citizenship Directive reads: ‘All Union citizens shall have the right of residence on the territory of another Member State for a period of longer than three months if they:

(a)are workers or self-employed persons in the host Member State; or

(b)have sufficient resources for themselves and their family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during their period of residence and have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State; or

(c)are enrolled at a private or public establishment, accredited or financed by the host Member State on the basis of its legislation or administrative practice, for the principal purpose of following a course of study, including vocational training; and

—are enrolled at a private or public establishment, accredited or financed by the host Member State on the basis of its legislation or administrative practice, for the principal purpose of following a course of study, including vocational training; and

—have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State and assure the relevant national authority, by means of a declaration or by such equivalent means as they may choose, that they have sufficient resources for themselves and their family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during their period of residence; or

(d)are family members accompanying or joining a Union citizen who satisfies the conditions referred to in points (a), (b) or (c).

Article 24 of the Citizenship Directive states:

‘1. Subject to such specific provisions as are expressly provided for in the Treaty and secondary law, all Union citizens residing on the basis of this Directive in the territory of the host Member State shall enjoy equal treatment with the nationals of that Member State within the scope of the Treaty. The benefit of this right shall be extended to family members who are not nationals of a Member State and who have the right of residence or permanent residence.

Article 7 of the Workers Regulation (10) provides, in the relevant part:

‘1. A worker who is a national of a Member State may not, in the territory of another Member State, be treated differently from national workers by reason of his nationality in respect of any conditions of employment and work, in particular as regards remuneration, dismissal, and, should he become unemployed, reinstatement or re-employment.

…’

One issue, discussed by the participants to the present proceedings, was that the Citizenship Directive, whose interpretation the referring court has requested, is inapplicable as such to the facts of the present case. While I agree with the participants’ arguments on this point, I will provide a short explanation as to why the interpretation of the Citizenship Directive is nevertheless useful to the referring court.

According to Article 3(1) of the Citizenship Directive, that directive applies to all EU citizens who move to or reside in a Member State other than that of which they are a national, and to their family members who accompany or join them.

That directive does not, therefore, govern the derived rights of family members of a Union citizen in a Member State of which that citizen is a national.

Given that AC has acquired Irish citizenship, the Citizenship Directive has ceased to apply to rights that her mother enjoys in Ireland from the moment of AC’s naturalisation.

However, even if the Citizenship Directive is not in itself applicable to the situation which has led to the dispute in the present case, the Court has already considered that it is applicable ‘by analogy’ to similar situations. (11)

The derived right of residence of a family member of a Union citizen may arise directly on the basis of Article 21(1) TFEU. As the Court has clarified, a national of one Member State who has moved to and resides in another Member State cannot be denied the right to lead a family life in that State, as guaranteed under EU law, merely because that citizen subsequently acquires the nationality of that second Member State. (12)

direct ascendants enjoy the derived right of residence. (24)

The Citizenship Directive does not, however, clarify the concept of ‘dependency’ of direct ascendants any further. (25) Indeed, the different linguistic versions of Article 2(2)(d) of that Directive diverge. To quote but a few, the English language version refers to ‘dependent’, the French version to ‘à charge’, the German version to ‘Unterhalt gewährt wird’, the Italian version to ‘a carico’, the Croatian version to ‘uzdržavanici’, the Dutch version to ‘te hunnen laste’, the Polish version to ‘utrzymaniu’ and the Romanian version to ‘în întreținere’.

Even though it seems that some of those language versions suggest only financial or material dependency, there are reasons to inquire whether the Directive concerns only such dependency. In other words, is a person dependent within the meaning of that directive only when in need of financial support from another person? Alternatively, does dependency also include other needs, such as the need for physical or emotional support?

The legislative history of the Citizenship Directive does not seem to provide an answer. The definition of family members in Article 2(2) of that directive is the result of the transfer into that legislative act of the substantively identical provision of Article 10(1)(b) of Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68. (26) That provision referred to ‘dependent relatives in the ascending line’, (27) but the reason why that adjective was used was not explained, either in the act or in the case-law pertaining thereto. In the Commission’s original proposal for the Citizenship Directive, Article 2(2)(d) did not contain that adjective and referred simply to ‘direct relatives in the ascending line’. (28) However, in the course of the legislative procedure, the wording as it appeared in Regulation No 1612/68 was restored, including again the word ‘dependent’. (29) The reasons behind that change are not evident from the preparatory documents and one may, as a result, only speculate on the legislative intent.

The defendants in the main proceedings, as well as the intervening governments, understand the concept of dependency as relating to financial dependency only. They consequently claim that GV will cease being dependent on her daughter if granted Disability Allowance. She will then, it is claimed, become dependent on the State and not on her daughter.

Indeed, in cases involving the derived residence rights of direct family members, the Court confirmed that the need for financial support counts as dependency within the meaning of the Citizenship Directive. (30) However, in those cases, the Court was not asked to explain the meaning of dependency. Put simply, the factual situation at issue in each of those cases was one of such a form of dependency. (31)

Therefore, that case-law cannot be understood as establishing that only financial dependency is relevant for the purposes of qualifying for derived residence rights under the Citizenship Directive. To my mind, several reasons lead to a different conclusion; that dependency within the meaning of the Citizenship Directive is a broader concept, which also includes emotional and physical needs.

First, in my view, material or financial dependency is the least important reason for allowing a mobile EU worker to bring his or her parents to the host State in which he or she lives and works. If all that was at issue was financial support, such support could also be provided to parents who stay in their countries of origin. It is not necessary to bring them to the host State to provide them with housing or financial support for food or clothing. It could even be cheaper to provide for such support in the parents’ country of origin, in which the costs of living might be lower than those in the host State. On the contrary, offering emotional and physical support to a parent is, in most circumstances, impossible if the parent does not live close to his or her children.

Second, it results clearly from the preparatory documents for the Citizenship Directive that the underlying reason for recognising the derived rights of family members was to enable the actual enjoyment of the right to family life. (32) That fundamental right, recognised by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’), (33) encompasses the existence of emotional links between family members. (34)

Third, such a broad interpretation of the concept of ‘dependency’ is consistent with the aim of the Citizenship Directive to contribute to the right of movement of EU mobile workers. Should GV require the companionship and care of her daughter, but be unable to join her in the Member State in which her daughter lives and works, it is (at least until we invent teleportation) likely that the daughter would be forced to leave the host state in order to join her mother in the mother’s state of origin. (35) That would represent an obstacle to AC’s right to move and reside freely on the territory of the Member States. A mobile EU worker, child of a parent who is a third-country national (TCN) and requires that kind of support, might be forced to leave the territory of the European Union.

On that very issue, the case-law of the Court recognises that EU law attributes importance to ensuring the protection of the family life of nationals of the Member States in order to eliminate obstacles to the exercise of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty. (36)

Finally, there are indications in the case-law that the Court understands the meaning of dependency as considered in the Citizenship Directive more broadly than in terms of financial needs only. To start with, the Court considered that Article 2(2) of the Citizenship Directive should be given a broad interpretation. (37)

Furthermore, the recent case-law relating to Article 3(2) of the Citizenship Directive, which concerns more distant family members, has recognised a broader understanding of dependency. (38) Despite the more limited rights that Article 3(2) grants to family members in comparison to an automatic right of residence granted to family members who fall within the scope of Article 2(2)(d) of the Citizenship Directive, there is no reason to understand the concept of ‘dependency’ differently across that directive nor, indeed, across the different legal acts regulating the rights of family members of EU mobile workers. (39)

For the foregoing reasons, I propose that the Court embrace a broad concept of dependency, which exists whenever a person is in need of the material, financial, physical or emotional support of a family member. Therefore, even if GV would no longer need the financial support of her daughter, she might still fulfil the requirement of dependency on which the derived right of residence is based.

A combined reading of Articles 2(2)(d) and 7(1)(d) of the Citizenship Directive makes it clear that only dependent

81.Furthermore, as argued by the European Commission, measures taken by a dependent family member to enhance his or her autonomy in the host Member State should not in any way deprive him or her of a right of residence.

82.Otherwise, it would mean that only people who do not need a special non-contributory allowance would be eligible for it. The law should not be read as leading to such an absurd result. (45)

83.Accordingly, I propose that the Court answer the second question of the referring court by explaining that Article 21(1) TFEU, as informed by Articles 2(2)(d) and 7(1)(d) of the Citizenship Directive, must be interpreted as meaning that an application for a special non-contributory cash benefit by the direct relative in the ascending line of a mobile Union citizen, does not terminate the dependency of that relative on the worker and therefore does not alter that relative’s derived right of residence.

84.As explained at the outset, (46) Irish law provides that a direct ascendant may retain a derived right of residence on two conditions: (1) if he or she is dependent on the mobile Union citizen and (2) if he or she is not an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the State. Thus, even if the ascendant continues to be dependent, he or she would lose his or her right of residence if he or she became an unreasonable burden.

85.On that basis, the Chief Appeals Officer, in the decision under review before the referring court, considered that, even though GV has a right of residence, she is not entitled to claim Disability Allowance, because that would make her an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system and would occasion the loss of her right of residence.

86.By its third question, the referring court seeks essentially to ascertain whether EU law precludes limiting the access of a direct ascendant of a mobile EU worker to Disability Allowance in the host State on the ground that payment of such a benefit results in the dependent ascendant becoming an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the State.

87.It is necessary to remind ourselves at the outset that EU law does not grant a right to social assistance to mobile Union citizens and their family members. Organisation of the welfare state comes, in principle, within the competence retained by Member States. That competence includes the choice of the types of social assistance benefits as well as the conditions for becoming a beneficiary.

88.Therefore, the question is not whether GV is entitled to Disability Allowance. That is a matter of Irish law. However, EU law steps in through the principle of equal treatment on grounds of nationality. (47) It prohibits discrimination by Members States against nationals of other EU Member States in comparison with the treatment of their own nationals. Even if it is operational directly on the basis of the Treaty, the principle of equal treatment on the ground of nationality found its specific expression in different acts of secondary EU law, including in Article 24 of the Citizenship Directive and Article 7 of the Workers Regulation.

89.Consequently, GV can claim access to Disability Allowance by invoking the principle of equal treatment. If such an allowance is accessible to Irish nationals, it should be accessible to her.

90.In the present case, I contend that there are two persons whose right to equal treatment might provide a basis for GV’s right to claim Disability Allowance.

91.The first person is GV herself: as a dependent direct ascendant of a mobile Union citizen, she must, under Article 24 of the Citizenship Directive, be treated in the same way as Irish citizens in respect of her access to Disability Allowance.

92.Second, there is her daughter, AC. By refusing access to Disability Allowance for the benefit of her dependent mother, she is placed in a less advantageous position than that enjoyed by Irish workers whose dependent parent can claim Disability Allowance. The prohibition on discrimination of AC can be based not only on her status as a Union citizen who resides in the host State under Article 7(1)(a) of the Citizenship Directive, but also, as suggested by the Commission, on the basis of her status as a worker who exercised her right to free movement under Article 45 TFEU, as informed by the Workers Regulation. That regulation, in Article 7 thereof, expresses the principle of equal treatment.

93.The referring court emphasised, in its order for reference and the framing of the present question, that the primary caregiver in the case at hand is a mobile worker. The possible discrimination against that worker cannot, therefore, be ignored in the present case.

94.As a consequence, I propose that the Court take both perspectives into consideration.

95.I will first examine how GV’s claim for Disability Allowance can be indirectly based on AC’s right to equal treatment (a) and thereafter how it can be directly based on her own right to equal treatment as provided for in the Citizenship Directive (b). (48) I will then assess whether such rights can be limited on the basis of the concern that, by receiving social benefits, an ascendant relative becomes an unreasonable burden on the social assistance of the host State (c).

(a) Equal treatment of AC as a basis for GV’s claim for Disability Allowance

96.In my view, GV’s right to claim Disability Allowance may result from the right of equal treatment enjoyed by AC as a worker who has exercised her right to free movement.

97.Article 45(2) TFEU provides that freedom of movement for workers ‘shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment.’

98.Can the differential treatment of the mobile EU worker’s parent in relation to the parents of workers who are nationals of the host State be understood as discrimination prohibited by Article 45(2) of TFEU?

99.That provision of the Treaty was further implemented and clarified by the Workers Regulation. Article 7(2) of that regulation provides that a worker who is a Union citizen shall ‘enjoy the same social and tax advantages as national workers’ in another Member State. (49)

100.That raises the question of whether a social benefit received by a worker’s parent can be considered a social advantage accruing to that worker.

101.That question must be answered in the affirmative for the following reasons. First, the Court has adopted a broad understanding of the concept of ‘social advantage’ in the Workers Regulation. (50) It covers ‘all the advantages which, whether or not they are linked to a contract of employment, are granted to national workers generally, primarily because of their objective status as workers or by virtue of the mere fact of their residence in the national territory, and which it therefore appears appropriate to extend to workers who are nationals of other Member States in order to facilitate their mobility within the European Union and, consequently, their integration into the host Member State.’ (51)

102.The Court’s case-law has already confirmed that that concept might include a social benefit such as Disability Allowance. (52) It has equally confirmed that the term ‘social advantages’ within the meaning of Article 7(2) of the Workers Regulation can apply to benefits, which at the same time fall within the scope of Regulation No 883/2004, such as Disability Allowance in the present case. (53)

103.Second, the term worker’s ‘social advantage’ also includes a social benefit, such as Disability Allowance, when it is granted to a worker’s parent and not to the worker herself.

104.Originally the Court limited the term ‘social advantages’ to encompass only benefits granted to workers themselves, (54) but the case-law changed after Lebon. It follows from that judgment that a benefit granted to a direct descendant can constitute the worker’s ‘social advantage’ if that descendant is supported by the worker. (55)

105.To my mind, the same logic is applicable to dependent ascendants. GV is dependent on AC. What she does not obtain from public assistance would necessarily be provided by AC. In other words, if GV receives Disability Allowance, that payment would also ease AC’s situation. (56) If, on the contrary, Irish authorities deny such assistance to her mother, AC would be placed in a disadvantageous position in comparison with Irish workers in a similar situation.

106.To assess whether she is placed in a disadvantageous position, AC must be compared to workers who are Irish nationals. Such workers may also have parents who are Union citizens, but not Irish nationals, and who could be denied disability benefits if they resided in that State for less than five years. (57) However, in most situations, the parents of the Irish workers will also be Irish nationals and, therefore, entitled to claim Disability Allowance. In that respect, the discrimination of AC resulting from the fact that her mother may not apply for Disability Allowance could be categorised as an indirect discrimination in relation to social advantages enjoyed by national workers.

107.Finally, a consistent line of case-law confirms that dependent family members are the indirect beneficiaries of the equal treatment accorded to mobile EU workers within the meaning of Article 7(2) of the Workers Regulation. (58) The Court has already included direct ascendants in the group of such indirect beneficiaries. (59)

108.Even if only indirect beneficiaries of the worker’s right to equal treatment, dependent relatives can claim social benefits in their own name. (60) Thus, the arguments raised by the defendants and participating Member States’ governments – that AC’s right to equal treatment is irrelevant as GV introduced the claim in her own name – have no bearing.

109.The suggested interpretation of Article 7(2) of the Workers Regulation promotes the freedom of movement for workers, since it ensures, as recently stated by the Court, the creation of the best possible conditions for the integration of the family members of EU workers who have made use of that freedom and have worked in the host Member State. (61)

110.To conclude, dependent direct ascendants of a mobile EU worker thus derive a right to claim benefits, which can be considered as a social advantage for the EU worker on whom they are dependent, on the basis of Article 7(2) of the Workers Regulation.

111.Therefore, in the light of GV’s situation of dependency on AC, GV can rely on Article 45(2) TFEU as informed by Article 7(2) of the Workers Regulation to claim, as an indirect beneficiary of the right to equal treatment of her daughter, a special non-contributory cash benefit, such as Disability Allowance in the present case.

112.Hence, the free movement of workers and the Workers Regulation already contain an answer to the dispute before the referring court. Nevertheless, I will now look at the possibility of answering that court’s question with regard to the Citizenship Directive.

(b) Equal treatment of GV as the basis for a right to claim Disability Allowance

Article 24(1) of the Citizenship Directive states that all Union citizens residing on the basis of that directive in the territory of the host Member State are to enjoy equal treatment with the nationals of that Member State within the scope of the Treaty.

114.The case-law has clarified that a Union citizen can claim equal treatment with nationals of the host Member State if his or her residence in the territory of the host Member State complies with the conditions of the Citizenship Directive. (62)

115.As GV is the dependent ascendant of a mobile EU worker, as explained in the first part of the present Opinion, she complies with the conditions of the Citizenship Directive and therefore enjoys a derivative right of residence in Ireland. She is consequently entitled to equal treatment.

116.GV’s entitlement to equal treatment under the Workers Regulation is a derived right based on her daughter’s direct right to equal treatment. However, GV enjoys her own direct right to equal treatment pursuant to Article 24(1) of the Citizenship Directive. Once she has a derived right of residence, she acquires her own direct right to be treated in the same way as Irish citizens. She should thus be entitled to claim Disability Allowance under the same conditions as Irish citizens.

117.Yet the defendants in the main proceedings and the Czech, Danish and German Governments consider that a Member State is not obliged to grant such an allowance if the claimant would become an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system.

(c) A matter of ‘unreasonable burden’

The claim that GV might represent an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the State (‘the unreasonable burden argument’) was used in the present case to express three different types of concern. The first one concerns the constraining effect that granting access to the social benefits might have on Member States’ choices of welfare policy. The second matter is about solidarity. The third one, connected to the foregoing, considers fears of so-called ‘welfare tourism’. I will analyse all three in turn, before concluding that arguments based on those concerns cannot be relied on in order to limit GV’s right to equal treatment, either as an indirect right based on her daughter’s direct right to be treated equally as a mobile worker, or as her own direct entitlement to equal treatment, which GV has acquired through her derived right of residence.

(1) Unreasonable burden as a concern for social assistance systems

119.It is indisputable that concerns as to the sustainability of national social policies should be taken seriously.

120.In relation to the freedom of movement of workers, the Court has recognised that ‘budgetary considerations may underlie a Member State’s choice of social policy and influence the nature or scope of the social protection measures which it wishes to adopt’. (63) However, the Court excluded the possibility that such considerations can justify discrimination against migrant EU workers. (64)

121.As the unreasonable burden argument cannot be used as a justification to limit entitlements to the equal treatment of mobile EU workers, neither can it be used to limit the derived right of equal treatment of that worker’s dependent ascendant, whose entitlement to claim social benefits is a social advantage for the worker at issue.

122.Ireland cannot, therefore, consider GV to be an unreasonable burden on its social assistance system when her claim for Disability Allowance is analysed on the basis of her daughter’s right to be treated in the same way as national workers.

123.The answer is, in my view, the same if GV’s legal situation is assessed as one of a direct ascendant of a mobile EU worker enjoying a direct right to equal treatment under Article 24(1) of the Citizenship Directive, on the basis of her derived right of residence under Article 7(1)(d) thereof.

Let me explain: primary law grants free movement rights (which include the right to reside and the right to equal treatment) to all EU citizens, but it allows that these rights be subjected to conditions set out in EU secondary law or in national law. The Citizenship Directive sets out the framework for acceptable conditions on free movement rights. Recognising the concerns of the Member States, it envisaged that conditions may be imposed on residence rights for Union citizens in order to prevent them from becoming an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State. (65) It therefore allowed Member States to limit the residence rights of certain, expressly envisaged categories of citizens (but not of others), by allowing the unreasonable burden argument as a justification.

That is, however, only possible in expressly stated situations and only in relation to certain groups of Union citizens who are not economically active. Such situations concern, first, those citizens whose movement rights are based on the assumption that they have sufficient resources to support themselves and their families (Article 7(1)(b) of the Citizenship Directive) and students (Article 7(1)(c) thereof). Outside of such situations, the unreasonable burden argument cannot be invoked.

I would go further and state that, even when it comes to the limitations of residence rights of named categories of citizens, such limitations cannot be automatic. Despite a certain amount of academic criticism directed at the clarity of the Court’s case-law regarding such limitations, (66) it is clear to me that the State wishing to rely on such an argument would first have to demonstrate systemic threats to its social assistance system, (67) and further show that such threats justify limiting a specific person’s right in a particular case. Thus, when choosing to rely on the unreasonable burden argument permitted by EU legislation, Member States must still observe the proportionality principle. (68)

All persons who enjoy a right of residence on the basis of the Citizenship Directive must be treated by the host State in the same way as their own nationals. The only derogations to that principle are expressly envisaged by Article 24(2) of the Citizenship Directive. Being a derogation from the principle of equal treatment, that provision must be interpreted strictly. (69)

128.Direct ascendants of EU mobile workers do not come within the scope of Article 24(2) of the Citizenship Directive.

129.To summarise, the residence rights of dependent direct ascendants cannot be limited by the justification that they are an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of a State, nor can the entitlement to equal treatment that flows from the right of residence be limited on any grounds.

That is, in my understanding, the result of the legislative consensus at the EU level about the acceptable balance between the interests of free movement and the concerns for the welfare systems of the Member States. Legitimate concerns of Member States for their social assistance systems were, as stated by the Commission, taken into consideration during the legislative process which led to the adoption of the Citizenship Directive.

The outcome of that legislative consensus is the current situation whereby neither mobile EU workers, nor their dependent direct ascendants can be regarded as an unreasonable burden by the host State. In other words, such family members are an (un)reasonable burden in the same way as nationals of that State are an (un)reasonable burden.

In that regard, Member States are free to organize their social assistance systems in the manner that they see fit. They may choose which types of allowances to offer, or may decide to remove an existing allowance or to decrease its amount. However, when making those choices, the Member States must include dependent family members of mobile EU workers resident in their country as factors influencing their policy decisions.

Ireland cannot, therefore, consider GV as an unreasonable burden on its social assistance system when her claim for Disability Allowance is analysed on the basis of her direct entitlement to equal treatment which results from her derived right of residence.

(2) Unreasonable burden as an issue of solidarity

134.The second way in which the unreasonable burden argument can be understood is in terms of solidarity, viewed as a readiness to participate in burden sharing. Such solidarity is usually based on belonging to a community, be it national, professional, family or European, (70) which allows for the exclusion of those who are not members of the community, given that burden sharing with them is perceived as unreasonable. (71)

135.In that regard, the defendants claim that dependent direct ascendants should be eligible for social benefits such as Disability Allowance only once they acquire permanent residence status, but not during the first five years of their stay in the host State. According to them, that is reflected in the structure of the Citizenship Directive, which distinguishes between short stays in the country of up to three months, (72) stays longer than three months, (73) and, finally, permanent residence status, which can be achieved after five years of staying in the host State. (74) In the view of those defendants, during the first five years, family members should remain the responsibility of the EU mobile workers whom they joined in the host State and should not require the taxpayers in that State to bear the costs associated with those family members.

136.Indeed, the Citizenship Directive recognises a gradual system of rights based on the length of stay in the host State. (75) However, that does not reflect the gradation of solidarity. That directive does not envisage that the rights of dependent direct relatives of the mobile Union citizen can be limited after the three months of their stay in the host State. (76)

137.Treating direct ascendants equally in respect of their access to social benefits actually promotes their own gradual integration in the society of the host Member State. (77)

138.The Citizenship Directive as well as the Workers Regulation thus reflect the ‘certain degree of financial solidarity between nationals of a host Member State and nationals of other Member States’, which the Court has recognised in its seminal judgment in Grzelczyk. (78)

139.Finally, it should not be forgotten that, according to Article 70(4) of Regulation No 883/2004, a benefit such as Disability Allowance can only be claimed in the Member State of residence (see point 7 of the present Opinion). In other words, if that type of special non-contributory benefit existed in Romania, GV could not claim it from that State as she resides in Ireland.

140.Ireland cannot, therefore, consider GV as an unreasonable burden on its social assistance system because she was not part of its society long enough to merit solidarity.

(3) Unreasonable burden and welfare tourism

141.Finally, I need to address an additional concern expressed by the Member State governments participating in the present proceedings, but which is also present in EU political life as well as in legal scholarship. It relates to the fear of so-called ‘welfare tourism’. Member States, especially those with higher social protection levels, were vocal in expressing concerns about the Union citizens who choose to move to those countries solely in order to benefit from their social assistance systems. (79) That practice, often considered to be an abuse of the free movement rights, was addressed in Dano. (80) That case established that economically inactive Union citizens who have exercised their freedom of movement solely with the aim of receiving social assistance in the host State cannot benefit from equal treatment under the Citizenship Directive. (81)

142.Can such abuse occur when the economically inactive citizen derives his or her right of residence and to right to equal treatment from the movement of a mobile EU worker, who is an economically active citizen? One could possibly imagine a situation in which a Union citizen decided to work (or become self-employed) in a Member State different to that of his or her Member State of origin solely in order to enable his or her direct ascendant(s) to claim social assistance in the host State. Even in such an unlikely scenario, (82)

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