«(Appeal – Directives 81/602/EEC, 88/146/EEC and 96/22/EC – Prohibition on the use of certain substances having a hormonal action – Prohibition on the importation from third countries of meat from farm animals to which those substances have been administered – Application for damages – Direct effect of the WTO Agreement and the agreements annexed thereto – Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures – Recommendations and rulings of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body)»

Opinion of Advocate General Alber delivered on 15 May 2003

Judgment of the Court (Full Court), 30 September 2003

Summary of the Judgment

Non-contractual liability – Conditions – Unlawfulness – Damage – Causal link – Not possible to rely on the GATT rules in order to contest the lawfulness of a Community act – Exceptions – Community measure intended to implement a GATT rule or expressly and specifically referring thereto – Judicial review – Precluded before expiry of any reasonable period granted to the Community for compliance with the WTO rules

Non-contractual liability on the part of the Community under the second paragraph of Article 215 of the Treaty is subject to a number of conditions relating to the illegality of the conduct alleged against the Community institutions, actual damage and the existence of a causal link between the conduct of the institution and the damage complained of. Given their nature and structure, the WTO agreements are not in principle among the rules in the light of which the Court is to review the legality of measures adopted by the Community institutions. It is only where the Community has intended to implement a particular obligation assumed in the context of the WTO, or where the Community measure refers expressly to the precise provisions of the WTO agreements, that it is for the Court to review the legality of the Community measure in question in the light of the WTO rules. In any event, as regards the period prior to the expiry of the 15-month period granted to the Community for the purpose of complying with its obligations under the WTO rules, the Community Courts cannot carry out that review, particularly not in the context of an action for damages under Article 178 of the Treaty, without rendering ineffective the grant of a reasonable period for compliance with the recommendations or rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body, as provided for in the dispute settlement system put in place by the WTO agreements.

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Full Court) 30 September 2003 (1)

In Case C-94/02 P, Établissements Biret et Cie SA, established in Paris (France), represented by S. Rodrigues, avocat, with an address for service in Luxembourg, appellant, APPEAL against the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (First Chamber) of 11 January 2002 in Case T-210/00 Biret et Cie v Council [2002] ECR II-47, seeking to have that judgment set aside, the other party to the proceedings being: Council of the European Union, represented by J. Carbery and F.P. Ruggeri Laderchi, acting as Agents, defendant at first instance, supported by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, represented by P.M. Ormond, acting as Agent, with an address for service in Luxembourg, intervener in the appeal, and Commission of the European Communities, represented by T. Christoforou and A. Bordes, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg, intervener at first instance,

THE COURT (Full Court), composed of: G.C. Rodríguez Iglesias, President, J.-P. Puissochet, M. Wathelet (Rapporteur), R. Schintgen and C.W.A. Timmermans (Presidents of Chambers), C. Gulmann, D.A.O. Edward, P. Jann, V. Skouris, F. Macken, N. Colneric, S. von Bahr and J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, Judges, Advocate General: S. Alber, Registrar: H.A. Rühl, Principal Administrator, having regard to the Report for the Hearing, after hearing oral argument from Établissements Biret et Cie SA, the Council and the Commission at the hearing on 25 March 2003, after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 15 May 2003, gives the following Judgment

1 This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ 2012 L 26, p. 1), as amended by Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 (OJ 2014 L 124, p. 1) (‘Directive 2011/92’).

2 The request has been made in proceedings between, on the one hand, Waltham Abbey Residents Association and, on the other hand, An Bord Pleanála (Planning Board, Ireland; ‘the Board’), Ireland and the Attorney General (Ireland), concerning authorisation granted by the Board for a strategic residential housing development.

Legal context

European Union law

Directive 2011/92

Recitals 7 to 9 of Directive 2011/92 state:

‘(7) Development consent for public and private projects which are likely to have significant effects on the environment should be granted only after an assessment of the likely significant environmental effects of those projects has been carried out. …

(8) Projects belonging to certain types have significant effects on the environment and those projects should, as a rule, be subject to a systematic assessment.

(9) Projects of other types may not have significant effects on the environment in every case and those projects should be assessed where the Member States consider that they are likely to have significant effects on the environment.’

Article 2(1) of that directive provides:

‘Member States shall adopt all measures necessary to ensure that, before development consent is given, projects likely to have significant effects on the environment by virtue, inter alia, of their nature, size or location are made subject to a requirement for development consent and an assessment with regard to their effects on the environment. Those projects are defined in Article 4.’

Under Article 3(1) of that directive:

‘The environmental impact assessment shall identify, describe and assess in an appropriate manner, in the light of each individual case, the direct and indirect significant effects of a project on the following factors:

…

(b) biodiversity, with particular attention to species and habitats protected under [Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ 1992 L 206, p. 7), as amended by Council Directive 2013/17/EU of 13 May 2013 (OJ 2013 L 158, p. 193) (“Directive 92/43”)] and Directive 2009/147/EC [of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ 2010 L 20, p. 7)];

…’

Article 4 of Directive 2011/92 provides:

‘1. Subject to Article 2(4), projects listed in Annex I shall be made subject to an assessment in accordance with Articles 5 to 10.

(a) a case-by-case examination;

(b) thresholds or criteria set by the Member State.

Member States may decide to apply both procedures referred to in points (a) and (b).

Where a case-by-case examination is carried out or thresholds or criteria are set for the purpose of paragraph 2, the relevant selection criteria set out in Annex III shall be taken into account. Member States may set thresholds or criteria to determine when projects need not undergo either the determination under paragraphs 4 and 5 or an environmental impact assessment, and/or thresholds or criteria to determine when projects shall in any case be made subject to an environmental impact assessment without undergoing a determination set out under paragraphs 4 and 5.

Where Member States decide to require a determination for projects listed in Annex II, the developer shall provide information on the characteristics of the project and its likely significant effects on the environment. The detailed list of information to be provided is specified in Annex IIA. The developer shall take into account, where relevant, the available results of other relevant assessments of the effects on the environment carried out pursuant to Union legislation other than this Directive. The developer may also provide a description of any features of the project and/or measures envisaged to avoid or prevent what might otherwise have been significant adverse effects on the environment.

The competent authority shall make its determination, on the basis of the information provided by the developer in accordance with paragraph 4 taking into account, where relevant, the results of preliminary verifications or assessments of the effects on the environment carried out pursuant to Union legislation other than this Directive. The determination shall made available to the public and:

(a) where it is decided that an environmental impact assessment is required, state the main reasons for requiring such assessment with reference to the relevant criteria listed in Annex III; or

(b) where it is decided that an environmental impact assessment is not required, state the main reasons for not requiring such assessment with reference to the relevant criteria listed in Annex III, and, where proposed by the developer, state any features of the project and/or measures envisaged to avoid or prevent what might otherwise have been significant adverse effects on the environment.

Member States shall ensure that the competent authority makes its determination as soon as possible and within a period of time not exceeding 90 days from the date on which the developer has submitted all the information required pursuant to paragraph 4. In exceptional cases, for instance relating to the nature, complexity, location or size of the project, the competent authority may extend that deadline to make its determination; in that event, the competent authority shall inform the developer in writing of the reasons justifying the extension and of the date when its determination is expected.’

Annex II.A of that directive contains the list of ‘information to be provided by the developer on the projects listed in Annex II’. That list reads as follows:

‘1. A description of the project, including in particular:

(a) a description of the physical characteristics of the whole project and, where relevant, of demolition works;

(b) a description of the location of the project, with particular regard to the environmental sensitivity of geographical areas likely to be affected.

(a) the expected residues and emissions and the production of waste, where relevant;

(b) the use of natural resources, in particular soil, land, water and biodiversity.

Annex III to that directive sets out the ‘criteria to determine whether the projects listed in Annex II should be subject to an environmental impact assessment’.

Directive 2014/52

Recitals 11 and 29 of Directive 2014/52 state:

‘(11) The measures taken to avoid, prevent, reduce and, if possible, offset significant adverse effects on the environment, in particular on species and habitats protected under [Directive 92/43] and Directive 2009/147 …, should contribute to avoiding any deterioration in the quality of the environment and any net loss of biodiversity, in accordance with the [European] Union’s commitments in the context of the [United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, signed in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992,] and the objectives and actions of the Union Biodiversity Strategy up to 2020 laid down in the [Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions] of 3 May 2011 entitled ‘Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020’ [(COM(2011) 244 final)]’

…

(29) When determining whether significant effects on the environment are likely to be caused by a project, the competent authorities should identify the most relevant criteria to be considered and should take into account information that could be available following other assessments required by Union legislation in order to apply the screening procedure effectively and transparently. In this regard, it is appropriate to specify the content of the screening determination, in particular where no environmental impact assessment is required. Moreover, taking into account unsolicited comments that might have been received from other sources, such as members of the public or public authorities, even though no formal consultation is required at the screening stage, constitutes good administrative practice.’

Directive 92/43

Article 6(3) of Directive 92/43 provides:

‘Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives. In the light of the conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public.’

Article 12(1) of that directive provides:

‘Member States shall take the requisite measures to establish a system of strict protection for the animal species listed in Annex IV(a) in their natural range, prohibiting:

(a) all forms of deliberate capture or killing of specimens of these species in the wild;

(b) deliberate disturbance of these species, particularly during the period of breeding, rearing, hibernation and migration;

(c) deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild;

(d) deterioration or destruction of breeding sites or resting places.’

Point (a) of Annex IV to that directive mentions ‘all species’ of bats belonging to the suborder of ‘microchiroptera’.

Irish law

The WTO agreements, which include at Annex 1A the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (OJ 1994 L 336, p. 40, the SPS Agreement), entered into force on 1 January 1995.

13Article 3(3) of the SPS Agreement provides that Members may introduce or maintain sanitary or phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection than would be achieved by measures based on the relevant international standards, guidelines or recommendations, if there is a scientific justification, or as a consequence of the level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection a Member determines to be appropriate in accordance with the relevant provisions of paragraphs 1 through 8 of Article 5.

Article 5(1) of the SPS Agreement provides that Members shall ensure that their sanitary or phytosanitary measures are based on an assessment, as appropriate to the circumstances, of the risks to human, animal or plant life or health, taking into account risk assessment techniques developed by the relevant international organisations.

The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes

Article 3(5) of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (OJ 1994 L 336, p. 324; the Understanding), which forms Annex 2 to the WTO Agreement, provides that: All solutions to matters formally raised under the consultation and dispute settlement provisions of the covered agreements, including arbitration awards, shall be consistent with those agreements and shall not nullify or impair benefits accruing to any Member under those agreements, nor impede the attainment of any objective of those agreements.

Article 3(7) adds: Before bringing a case, a Member shall exercise its judgement as to whether action under these procedures would be fruitful. The aim of the dispute settlement mechanism is to secure a positive solution to a dispute. A solution mutually acceptable to the parties to a dispute and consistent with the covered agreements is clearly to be preferred. In the absence of a mutually agreed solution, the first objective of the dispute settlement mechanism is usually to secure the withdrawal of the measures concerned if these are found to be inconsistent with the provisions of any of the covered agreements. The provision of compensation should be resorted to only if the immediate withdrawal of the measure is impracticable and as a temporary measure pending the withdrawal of the measure which is inconsistent with a covered agreement. The last resort which this Understanding provides to the Member invoking the dispute settlement procedures is the possibility of suspending the application of concessions or other obligations under the covered agreements on a discriminatory basis vis-à-vis the other Member, subject to authorisation by the DSB of such measures.

Article 21 of the Understanding which concerns Surveillance of Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) provides that: 1. Prompt compliance with recommendations or rulings of the DSB is essential in order to ensure effective resolution of disputes to the benefit of all Members.2. ...3. At a DSB meeting held within 30 days after the date of adoption of the panel or Appellate Body report, the Member concerned shall inform the DSB of its intentions in respect of implementation of the recommendations and rulings of the DSB. If it is impracticable to comply immediately with the recommendations and rulings, the Member concerned shall have a reasonable period of time in which to do so. The reasonable period of time shall be:

(a) the period of time proposed by the Member concerned, provided that such period is approved by the DSB; or, in the absence of such approval,

(b) a period of time mutually agreed by the parties to the dispute within 45 days after the date of adoption of the recommendations and rulings; or, in the absence of such agreement,

(c) a period of time determined through binding arbitration within 90 days after the date of adoption of the recommendations and rulings. In such arbitration, a guideline for the arbitrator should be that the reasonable period of time to implement panel or Appellate Body recommendations should not exceed 15 months from the date of adoption of a panel or Appellate Body report. However, that time may be shorter or longer, depending upon the particular circumstances.

Finally, paragraphs (1), (2) and (8) of Article 22 of the Understanding provides that: 1. Compensation and the suspension of concessions or other obligations are temporary measures available in the event that the recommendations and rulings are not implemented within a reasonable period of time. However, neither compensation nor the suspension of concessions or other obligations is preferred to full implementation of a recommendation to bring a measure into conformity with the covered agreements. Compensation is voluntary and, if granted, shall be consistent with the covered agreements.2. If the Member concerned fails to bring the measure found to be inconsistent with a covered agreement into compliance therewith or otherwise comply with the recommendations and rulings within the reasonable period of time determined pursuant to paragraph 3 of Article 21, such Member shall, if so requested, and no later than the expiry of the reasonable period of time, enter into negotiations with any party having invoked the dispute settlement procedures, with a view to developing mutually acceptable compensation. If no satisfactory compensation has been agreed within 20 days after the date of expiry of the reasonable period of time, any party having invoked the dispute settlement procedures may request authorisation from the DSB to suspend the application to the Member concerned of concessions or other obligations under the covered agreements....8. The suspension of concessions or other obligations shall be temporary and shall only be applied until such time as the measure found to be inconsistent with a covered agreement has been removed, or the Member that must implement recommendations or rulings provides a solution to the nullification or impairment of benefits, or a mutually satisfactory solution is reached. In accordance with paragraph 6 of Article 21, the DSB shall continue to keep under surveillance the implementation of adopted recommendations or rulings, including those cases where compensation has been provided or concessions or other obligations have been suspended but the recommendations to bring a measure into conformity with the covered agreements have not been implemented.

The dispute settlement procedure instigated by the United States of America and Canada (the hormones case)

In May and November 1996 respectively the United States and Canada, considering that Community legislation was restricting their exports to the Community of beef and veal treated with certain hormones, in breach of the obligations which the Community had entered into within the framework of the WTO, each instigated a procedure for dispute settlement before the competent WTO bodies.

On 18 August 1997 each of the two Panels set up in respect of those proceedings lodged a report (No WT/DS26/R/USA and No WT/DS48/R/CAN respectively) finding that the Community was in breach of various provisions of the SPS Agreement.

In response to an appeal lodged by the Community the Appellate Body delivered a report on 16 January 1998 (No WT/DS26/AB/R WT/DS48/AB/R) amending certain aspects of the reports of the two Panels, but finding none the less that the Community was in breach of Article 3(3) and Article 5(1) of the SPS Agreement, essentially on the ground that there had not been a sufficiently specific scientific analysis of the cancer risks associated with the use of certain hormones as growth hormones. The Appellate Body recommended that the Dispute Settlement Body request the European Communities to bring the SPS measures found ... to be inconsistent with the SPS Agreement into conformity with the obligations of the European Communities under that Agreement.

On 13 February 1998 the DSB adopted the report of the Appellate Body and the reports of the Panels, as amended by the Appellate Body.

As the Community had stated that it intended to comply with its WTO obligations but that it needed a reasonable time within which to do so, under Article 21(3) of the Understanding it was granted a 15-month period for that purpose, which expired on 13 May 1999.

On the basis of the results of further analysis of the risks associated with the use of oestradiol 17/ß, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone, zeranol and melengestrol acetate, the administration of which with a view to stimulating growth in animals is prohibited by Directive 96/22, the Commission submitted to the Parliament and the Council on 3 July 2000, its proposal 2000/C 337 E/25 for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 96/22 (OJ 2000 C 337 E, p. 163), which seeks in particular to maintain the permanent prohibition on the use of oestradiol 17/ß and to retain, pending further scientific reports, the temporary prohibition on the use of the five other substances in question. The Community legislature has not yet adopted that proposal.

Background to the action and procedure before the Court of First Instance

It is apparent from the contested judgment that the applicant holds nearly 66% of the capital of Biret International SA (Biret International), a company which was incorporated on 26 July 1990 and recorded in the register of companies of the Tribunal de commerce de Paris (Commercial Court, Paris, France) on 9 August 1990 and whose objects, as set out in its articles of association, are to trade in various agri-foodstuffs, in particular meat.

By judgment of 7 December 1995, the Tribunal de commerce de Paris opened judicial liquidation proceedings in respect of Biret International and provisionally set the date for cessation of payments at 28 February 1995.

On 28 June 2000, Biret International brought an action under Article 178 in conjunction with the second paragraph of Article 215 of the Treaty for compensation for the damage which it claimed to have suffered as a result of the adoption and maintenance in force of Directives 81/602, 88/146 and 96/22, which prohibited the importation into the Community from the United States of America of meat and meat products from animals treated with certain hormones. That action was registered as Case T-174/00 at the Registry of the Court of First Instance.

On 10 August 2000, the appellant itself brought an action for compensation for damage which it claimed to have suffered as a result of Biret International having gone into liquidation, which the appellant maintains was consequent upon the adoption or maintenance in force of the directives at issue.

The contested judgment

Admissibility

The Court of First Instance first dismissed, in paragraphs 34 to 39 of the contested judgment, the Council's first two objections of inadmissibility contending respectively that there was a formal defect in the application and that national remedies had not been exhausted.

The Court of First Instance then examined, in paragraphs 40 to 47 of the contested judgment, the third plea of inadmissibility, namely the contention that the action was time-barred, and held, first, that the action relating to liability was time-barred in so far as it sought compensation for damage allegedly suffered prior to the five-year period before the action was brought, that is to say, prior to 10 August 1995. To that extent it dismissed the action as inadmissible.

Second, in relation to the period commencing on 10 August 1995, the Court of First Instance went on to hold, in paragraph 47 of the contested judgment: For the rest, the fact that in the judgment of 7 December 1995 the Tribunal de commerce de Paris provisionally set the date for Biret International's cessation of payments at 28 February 1995 does not necessarily imply that that company was no longer able to engage in commercial activities from 10 August 1995 to 7 December 1995. Moreover, the applicant contends that it sustained damage itself as a result of its subsidiary being placed in liquidation. The action cannot therefore be dismissed outright as inadmissible in its entirety on the grounds that it is time-barred.

Finally, considering, in paragraphs 48 to 51 of the contested judgment, the fourth plea of inadmissibility concerning the appellant's lack of locus standi, the Court of First Instance declared inadmissible the claims seeking compensation for so-called non-material damage and for damage allegedly suffered by the appellant itself after Biret International ceased business, on the ground that those claims did not appear in the application.

So far as the appellant's other heads of claims were concerned, the Court of First Instance held as follows, in paragraph 51 of the contested judgment: For the rest, the possibility that the claims made in the application relate to damage which is wholly or partly separate from that claimed by Biret International in Case T-174/00 cannot be ruled out at this stage of the Court's consideration. The action cannot therefore be dismissed outright as being inadmissible in its entirety on grounds of lack of locus standi.

In its application, the appellant submitted that by adopting and retaining in force Directives 81/602, 88/146 and 96/22 the Council had been in breach of two legal rules designed to confer rights on individuals: first, the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations, and second, the SPS Agreement.

In paragraphs 57 to 63 and 70 to 81 of the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance rejected those two pleas as unfounded. As regards more specifically the alleged breach of the SPS Agreement, the Court held as follows:

Although under Article 228(7) of the [EC] Treaty [(now, after amendment, Article 300(7) EC)] agreements concluded between the Community and non-member States are binding on the institutions of the Community and on Member States and, as the Court of Justice held in particular in [Case 181/73] Haegeman [[1974] ECR 449] and [Case 12/86] Demirel

[1987] ECR 3719], the provisions of such agreements form an integral part of the Community legal order, the Court of Justice has repeatedly emphasised that the effects of such agreements in the Community legal order must be determined in the light of the nature and purpose of the agreement in question. Thus, in Case 104/81 Kupferberg [1982] ECR 3641, paragraph 17, the Court held that the effects within the Community of the provisions of an international agreement may not be determined without taking account of the international origin of the provisions in question and that in conformity with the principles of international law the contracting parties are free to agree what effect the provisions of the agreement are to have in their internal legal order (see also Opinion of Advocate General Gulmann in Case C-280/93 Germany v Council [1994] ECR I-4973, at I-4980, paragraph 127). In particular, in Demirel, the Court held at paragraph 14 that a provision in an agreement concluded by the Community with non-member countries must be regarded as being directly applicable when, regard being had to its terms and the purpose and nature of the agreement itself, the provision contains a clear and precise obligation which is not subject, as regards its implementation or effects, to the adoption of any subsequent measure. The question whether such a stipulation is unconditional and sufficiently precise to have direct effect must be considered in the context of the agreement of which it forms part (Kupferberg, cited above, paragraph 23).

It is clear from case-law which is now firmly established that in view of their nature and structure the WTO Agreement and its annexes, in the same way as [the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)] 1947, do not in principle form part of the rules by which the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance review the legality of acts adopted by Community institutions under the first paragraph of Article 173 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, the first paragraph of Article 230 EC), that individuals cannot rely on them before the courts and that any infringement of them will not give rise to non-contractual liability on the part of the Community (judgments of the Court of Justice in [Case C-149/96] Portugal v Council [[1999] ECR I-8395], Joined Cases C-300/98 and C-392/98 Dior and Others [2000] ECR I-11307, and Case C-377/98 Netherlands v Parliament and Council [2001] ECR I-7079; order in Case C-307/99 OGT Fruchthandelsgesellschaft [2001] ECR I-3159; judgments of the Court of First Instance in Case T-18/99 Cordis v Commission [2001] ECR II-913,[Case T-30/99] Bocchi Food Trade International v Commission [[2001] ECR II-943], Case T-52/99 T. Port v Commission [2001] ECR II-981, Case T-2/99 T. Port v Council [2001] ECR II-2093, and Case T-3/99 Bananatrading v Council [2001] ECR II-2123).

The purpose of the WTO agreements is to govern relations between States or regional organisations for economic integration and not to protect individuals. As the Court of Justice stated in Portugal v Council, cited above, the agreements are still founded on the principle of negotiations with a view to entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements and thus differ from the agreements concluded between the Community and non-member countries whereby the obligations are not necessarily reciprocal. To have the task of ensuring that Community law is in conformity with those rules fall directly to the Community judicature would be to deprive the legislative or executive bodies of the Community of the discretion enjoyed by similar bodies of the Community's trading partners.

According to that judgment (Portugal v Council, paragraph 49) it is only where the Community intended to implement a particular obligation assumed in the context of the WTO, or where the Community measure refers expressly to the precise provisions of the WTO agreements, that it is for the Community judicature to review the legality of the Community measure in question in the light of the WTO rules (see, as regards GATT 1947, Case 70/87 Fediol v Commission [1989] ECR 1781, paragraphs 19 to 22, and Case C-69/89 Nakajima v Council [1991] ECR I-2069, paragraph 31).

It is clear that the circumstances of this case clearly do not correspond to either of the two hypotheses set out in the preceding paragraph. Since Directives 81/602 and 88/146 were adopted on 1 January 1995, several years before the entry into force of the SPS Agreement, it is not logically possible for them either to give rise to a specific obligation entered into under that agreement or to refer expressly to some of its provisions.

In the circumstances, therefore, the applicant cannot rely on an infringement of the SPS Agreement.

The decision of the DSB of 13 February 1998 referred to above cannot alter that.

There is an inescapable and direct link between the decision and the plea alleging infringement of the SPS Agreement, and the decision could therefore only be taken into consideration if the Court had found that Agreement to have direct effect in the context of a plea alleging the invalidity of the directives in question (see, with regard to a decision of the DSB finding that certain provisions of Community law were incompatible with GATT 1994, Case C-104/97 P Atlanta v European Community [1999] ECR I-6983, paragraphs 19 and 20).

The plea alleging infringement of the SPS Agreement must therefore be rejected as unfounded.

As the applicant has thus failed to establish that the conduct alleged against the defendant institution is unlawful, the action must at any event be dismissed as unfounded and it is unnecessary to consider the applicant's locus standi ... or the other conditions for non-contractual liability on the part of the Community (see, for example, Atlanta v European Community, cited above, paragraph 65).

In its reply, however, the applicant requests the Court of First Instance, in the alternative, to develop its case-law in the direction of a system of no-fault liability for the Community in respect of its normative acts. In support of that request, it relies in particular on the defence of the rule of law, the autonomous nature of an action for damages, the general principles common to the laws of the Member States and considerations of natural justice linked to application of the precautionary principle.

That submission, which changes the very basis on which the Community could be held liable, must be regarded as constituting a new plea in law which cannot be introduced in the course of proceedings, as Article 48 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance provides (Atlanta v European Community, cited above, paragraphs 27 to 29).

In conclusion, the Court of First Instance, in paragraph 82 of the contested judgment, dismissed the action, in so far as it was not inadmissible, as being in any event unfounded.

The appeal

In its appeal the appellant claims that the Court should:

─set aside the contested judgment;

─uphold the form of order sought by it at first instance;

─order the Council to pay the entirety of the costs.

The Council contends that the Court should dismiss the appeal and order the appellant to pay the costs.

The United Kingdom has not submitted any written pleadings and did not enter an appearance at the hearing. The Commission did not submit any written observations either but at the hearing supported the form of order sought by the Council.

In support of its appeal, the appellant relies on two pleas in law: first, infringement of Article 288(7) of the Treaty and, second, infringement of Article 48 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance.

First plea

Arguments of the parties

By its first plea, the appellant claims that the Court of First Instance, primarily, misconstrued Article 228(7) of the Treaty.

In doing so, the Court of First Instance negated the effectiveness of Article 228(7) of the Treaty, as it failed to separate the application of the provision from any condition relating to its direct effect in accordance with the monist approach to the Community legal order. It is contradictory to hold that the WTO Agreements form an integral part of that legal order but at the same time to deny that they provide a basis for judicial review of subordinate Community legislation. The Court has, on several occasions (Case 40/72 Schröder [1973] ECR 125 and Case 112/80 Dürbeck [1981] ECR 1095), reviewed the legality of Community measures in the light of international agreements without first having ascertained whether the international provision in question has direct effect.

Both the spirit and the letter of Article 228(7) of the Treaty should be interpreted in such a way that the Community institutions' compliance with a rule of international law may be subject only to the condition that the rule has become an integral part of the Community legal order, something which cannot be, and has not been, challenged as regards the WTO agreements and the decisions adopted by the dispute settlement bodies set up by those agreements ─ decisions which moreover have the force of res judicata.

In that regard, the contested judgment does not address the argument that the Community, in acceding to the dispute settlement system set up by the WTO agreements, undertook to observe the procedure and the authority of DSB decisions.

In the alternative, the appellant complains that the Court of First Instance failed to develop the Court of Justice's case-law so as to acknowledge that all or part of the WTO agreements have direct effect and it asks the Court of Justice to take steps to do so.

In particular, it is irrelevant in this case to mention, as the Court of First Instance did in paragraph 72 of the contested judgment, that the Community's legislative and executive bodies should enjoy the same discretion as similar bodies of the Community's trading partners, since, in view of the DSB decision of 13 February 1998, no such discretion exists.

The appellant also challenges the argument that WTO law allows for solutions other than withdrawal of unlawful measures such as settlement, payment of compensation or suspension of concessions (see Joined Cases C-27/00 and C-122/00 Omega Air and Others [2002] ECR I-2569). Such an argument gives rise to uncertainty as regards both the text of the WTO agreements and the objective nature of a breach of a legal rule.

The appellant submits in that connection that it is apparent from Article 22(1) of the Understanding that compensation is a temporary measure and must in any event be compatible with the WTO agreements. Furthermore, compensation does not alter the fact that there has been a breach of a legal rule forming an integral part of the Community legal order, which must be found by the court regardless of any political considerations.

Conversely, the appellant mentions various reasons which, in its submission, militate in favour of recognition of the direct effect of all or part of the WTO agreements and of the Court's power to review whether Community law complies with them:

─first, reasons connected with the subject-matter of the WTO agreements and their foreseeable development: a growing number of those provisions ─ such as those concerning public procurement, intellectual property or particularly food safety ─ have an immediate impact not only on legal relations between States and their nationals but also between individuals themselves;

─second, reasons relating to fairness as to the effect of the WTO dispute settlement system: it is inconsistent not to allow individuals to rely on certain provisions of the WTO agreements where, by contrast, commercial retaliation undertaken on the basis of other provisions of those agreements adversely affects undertakings in the European Union;

second, reasons relating to fairness as to the effect of the WTO dispute settlement system: it is inconsistent not to allow individuals to rely on certain provisions of the WTO agreements where, by contrast, commercial retaliation undertaken on the basis of other provisions of those agreements adversely affects undertakings in the European Union;

third, the need for consistency within the Community legal order, in which legal persons comprise not only the Member States but also their nationals (see Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1).

third, the need for consistency within the Community legal order, in which legal persons comprise not only the Member States but also their nationals (see Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1).

The Council contends that the first plea is inadmissible in part and unfounded in part.

First, the contested judgment is consistent with the Court of Justice's case-law on the effects of international agreements in general: by virtue of that case-law the effect of a provision of an international agreement is determined by its nature and objectives (see point 127 of Advocate General Gulmann's Opinion in Germany v Council). The objective of the WTO agreements is not to create rights for individuals but merely to govern relations between States and regional economic organisations on the basis of negotiations based on the principle of reciprocity.

The Court of First Instance was right in referring, in paragraph 77 of the contested judgment, to paragraphs 19 and 20 of the judgment in Atlanta v European Community, which are of general application, notwithstanding the fact that they concern the admissibility of an appeal. The appellant also fails to explain where and when the Community undertook to implement all the obligations flowing from a DSB decision, a step which would run counter to the basic philosophy of the agreements in question. Nor does it state by which specific measure the Community intended to give effect to the DSB's decision of 13 February 1998 relating to imports of meat containing hormones. In any event, no provision of the SPS Agreement or of the DSB decision of 13 February 1998 required the Community to import meat containing hormones. It is quite possible to comply with the SPS Agreement without, however, authorising imports whose prohibition is at the root of the damage which the appellant claims it has suffered.

Findings of the Court

According to settled case-law (see, inter alia, Atlanta v European Community, paragraph 65), non-contractual liability on the part of the Community under the second paragraph of Article 215 of the Treaty is subject to a number of conditions relating to the illegality of the conduct alleged against the Community institutions, actual damage and the existence of a causal link between the conduct of the institution and the damage complained of.

As the Court of First Instance observed in paragraph 71 of the contested judgment, given their nature and structure, the WTO agreements are not in principle among the rules in the light of which the Court is to review the legality of measures adopted by the Community institutions (see Portugal v Council, paragraph 47; the order in OGT Fruchthandelsgesellschaft, paragraph 24; and the judgments in Omega Air and Others, paragraph 93, and Case C-76/00 P Petrotub and Republic v Council [2003] ECR I-79, paragraph 53).

It is only where the Community has intended to implement a particular obligation assumed in the context of the WTO, or where the Community measure refers expressly to the precise provisions of the WTO agreements, that it is for the Court to review the legality of the Community measure in question in the light of the WTO rules (see, as regards GATT 1947, Fediol v Commission, paragraphs 19 to 22, and Nakajima v Council, paragraph 31, and, as regards the WTO agreements, Portugal v Council, paragraph 49).

In that regard, the Court of First Instance found, in paragraph 74 of the contested judgment, that the circumstances of this case clearly did not correspond to either of the two hypotheses set out in the preceding paragraph. In its view, since Directives 81/602 and 88/146 were adopted on 1 January 1995, several years before the entry into force of the SPS Agreement, it was not logically possible for them either to give rise to a specific obligation entered into under that agreement or to refer expressly to some of its provisions.

The Court of First Instance added, in paragraph 77 of the contested judgment, that since the decision of the DSB of 13 February 1998 was inescapably and directly linked to the plea alleging infringement of the SPS Agreement, it could be taken into consideration only if the Court had found that Agreement to have direct effect in the context of a plea alleging the invalidity of the directives in question.

Such reasoning does not suffice, however, to deal with the plea put forward by the applicant at first instance concerning infringement of the SPS Agreement.

It further fell to the Court of First Instance to address the argument that the legal effects of the DSB decision of 13 February 1998 vis-à-vis the European Community called into question the Court's finding that the WTO rules did not have direct effect and provided grounds for a review by the Community Courts of the legality of Directives 81/602, 88/146 and 96/22 in the light of those rules in the action for damages brought by the then applicant.

That question was central to the arguments relating to the scope of Article 228(7) of the Treaty which the appellant advanced before the Court of First Instance, as it is before the Court of Justice at the appeal stage.

Furthermore, the judgment in Atlanta v European Community, to which the Court of First Instance also referred, in paragraph 77 of the contested judgment, is irrelevant in this connection. In paragraph 19 of the judgment in Atlanta v European Community the Court of Justice found that the DSB decision, taken after the appeal had been brought and which establishes the incompatibility of the Community measure in question with WTO law, was inescapably and directly linked to the plea of infringement of the provisions of GATT, which had been raised by the appellant before the Court of First Instance but had not been repeated by it in its pleas on appeal. Consequently, the Court of Justice rejected as inadmissible, on account of the late stage at which it had been invoked, the plea based on the DSB's decision, raised before the Court of Justice for the first time in the reply, and the Court did not examine the substance of the plea.

However, the errors of law thus made by the Court of First Instance as regards the duty to state reasons and the scope of the judgment in Atlanta v European Community do not invalidate the contested judgment, if the operative part thereof and in particular the rejection of the plea at first instance concerning the SPS Agreement, appears founded on other legal grounds (see to that effect Case C-367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink's France [1998] ECR I-1719, paragraph 47).

In that regard, the dispute settlement procedure which culminated in the DSB decision of 13 February 1998 was instigated in 1996. Since the Community had stated that it intended to comply with its WTO obligations but that it needed a reasonable time to do so, under Article 21(3) of the Understanding it was granted a period of 15 months for that purpose, which expired on 13 May 1999.

Accordingly, for the period prior to 13 May 1999, the Community Courts cannot, in any event, carry out a review of the legality of the Community measures in question, particularly not in the context of an action for damages under Article 178 of the Treaty, without rendering ineffective the grant of a reasonable period for compliance with the DSB recommendations or rulings, as provided for in the dispute settlement system put in place by the WTO agreements.

It is appropriate to add that it is apparent from the contested judgment that the Tribunal de commerce de Paris, by judgment of 7 December 1995, opened judicial liquidation proceedings in respect of Biret International and provisionally set the date for cessation of payments as 28 February 1995. As a result, it cannot be accepted that any damage to the appellant, in its capacity as the main shareholder in Biret International, allegedly arising from the maintenance in force, after 1 January 1995, of Directives 81/602 and 88/146 and from the adoption on 29 April 1996 of Directive 96/22 could have been sustained during the period after 13 February 1998, the date on which the DSB decision relating to imports of meat containing hormones was adopted, and a fortiori after 13 May 1999, when the 15-month period granted to the Community for the purpose of complying with its obligations under the WTO rules expired.

In those circumstances and without it being necessary to consider what damage might be suffered by individuals as a result of the Community's failure to implement a DSB decision finding a Community measure incompatible with the WTO rules, the Court finds that in the present case in the absence of any damage allegedly occurring after 13 May 1999, the Community cannot, on any view, have incurred liability.

In the light of those considerations, it must be held that, despite the shortcomings of the reasoning of the contested judgment on this point, the Court of First Instance was right in finding that the plea concerning infringement of the SPS Agreement was unfounded.

The first plea must therefore be rejected as being ineffective in part and unfounded in part.

Second plea

By its second plea, the appellant submits that the Court of First Instance, by holding, in paragraph 81 of the contested judgment, that its argument concerning a system of no-fault liability for the Community was a new plea in law which could not be introduced in the course of proceedings, infringed Article 48 of its Rules of Procedure. In its submission, the issue of possible no-fault liability on the part of the Community was raised in its application before the Court of First Instance, although the arguments were developed in the reply.

It is sufficient on this point to state that a mere reading of the application at first instance shows that no mention was made there of no-fault liability on the part of the Community. In particular, the part of the application dealing with the compatibility of the directives at issue with the WTO rules was specifically entitled Community's unlawful conduct resulting in it being at fault.

The Court of First Instance was thus right in holding, in paragraph 81 of the contested judgment, that the argument concerning the Community's alleged no-fault liability, was submitted too late and could not be considered, in accordance with Article 48 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance.

The second plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.

In light of all of the foregoing considerations, the appeal must be dismissed in its entirety.

Costs

Under the first paragraph of Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, where the appeal is unfounded the Court is to make a decision as to costs. Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which is applicable to appeals by virtue of Article 118, provides that the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party's pleadings. However, under Article 69(3), the Court may, where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, or where the circumstances are exceptional, order that the costs be shared. The Council has applied for costs against the appellant but the appellant has been partially successful in relation to its first plea. Therefore the appellant must be ordered to bear its own costs and to pay two thirds of those of the Council.

The United Kingdom and the Commission are to bear their own costs in accordance with Article 69(4) of the Rules of Procedure, under which Member States and institutions which intervene in the proceedings are to bear their own costs.

On those grounds,

hereby:

Orders Établissements Biret et Cie SA to bear its own costs and to pay two thirds of the costs of the Council of the European Union;

Orders the Council of the European Union to bear one third of its own costs;

Orders the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Commission of the European Communities to bear their own costs.

Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 30 September 2003.

Registrar

President

1 – Language of the case: French.

2 – If a meeting of the DSB is not scheduled during this period, such a meeting of the DSB shall be held for this purpose.

3 – If the parties cannot agree on an arbitrator within ten days after referring the matter to arbitration, the arbitrator shall be appointed by the Director-General within ten days, after consulting the parties.

4 – The expression arbitrator shall be interpreted as referring either to an individual or a group.